Cause of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis following esophageal cancer surgery and preventive surgical technique along the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Abstract
Aim: Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis (RLNP) after esophageal cancer surgery, especially on the left, is a major clinical challenge. We believe that the use of intra-operative neural monitoring can help us to learn and identify surgical maneuvers that can cause RLNP, so as to improve the postoperative course for patients. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the causes of RLNP and to devise a preventive surgical technique.
Methods: Radical esophageal cancer surgery was performed with intra-operative neural monitoring at our institution from July 2015 to January 2019. The cause(s) of RLNP was investigated by video analysis, which enabled a preventive technique to be developed and introduced. Short-term surgical outcomes of the modified and conventional surgical methods were compared.
Results: RLNP occurred in 10/57 (17.5%) of cases. The causes of paralysis were traction (n = 5), compression (n = 3), thermal injury (n = 1), and compression in cervical procedure (n = 1). Subsequently, 20 surgeries were performed between February and December 2019 using the modified technique and there was only one case (5%) of RLNP.
Conclusion: The main causes of RLNP are compression and traction. Our modified technique for esophageal cancer surgery substantially decreases the incidence of RLNP post-operatively.
Keywords
INTRODUCTION
Surgery for thoracic esophageal cancer has a high rate of postoperative complications[1-3] including recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis (RLNP), which can lead to aspiration pneumonia and voice hoarseness, and greatly affects the postoperative course. Inflammatory complications can also affect the patient’s long-term prognosis[4,5]. Of note, RLNP occurs more frequently on the left, which adds to the clinical challenge.
As such, we introduced intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM) in 2015 and have previously reported on its success in reducing the incidence of RLNP at our hospital[6]. This can be attributed to three factors: (1) mapping of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) location; (2) RLN path navigation; and (3) learning effect. Nevertheless, RLNP has not been eliminated completely, largely because the type(s) of surgical maneuver that is responsible is not known.
We hypothesized that with IONM and intra-operative video analysis, the surgical maneuver leading to postoperative RLNP can be identified. Herein, we report our findings from our experiences in applying IONM to esophagectomy. We also describe a modified procedure to prevent RLNP, especially on the left, and the short-term surgical results.
METHODS
Patients
Seventy-seven consecutive patients who underwent prone esophagectomy with radical lymph node dissection at our institution from July 2015 to December 2019 were identified. Of 57 cases treated up to January 2019, 10 (17.5%) developed RLNP and were subjected to detailed video analysis and a preventive surgical technique for RLNP was developed. Since RLNP on the right hardly occurred, we focused on the left. Patients were divided into two groups: conventional surgery (July 2015 to January 2019, n = 57) and modified surgery (February 2019 to December 2019, n = 20) and short-term surgical outcomes were compared. Cancer staging was performed preoperatively according to the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual by endoscopy, enhanced computed tomography, and positron emission tomography[7]. Postoperative RLNP was evaluated by laryngoscopy on postoperative day 7. We also recorded Clavien-Dindo Grade 2 and higher complications such as aspiration, pneumonia, and anastomotic leakage. In all cases, the first author (Kobayashi H), who had performed more than 100 thoracoscopic esophagectomies prior to this study, performed or supervised the surgery. This study was approved by the institutional review board.
IONM and modified surgical technique
The use of IONM has been described previously[6]. The modified surgical technique is described in the Result section. Briefly, patients were positioned prone and an electromyographic tracheal tube (Medtronic, Jacksonville, FL, USA), one-lung ventilation with blocker, no muscle relaxation, and NIM Nerve Monitoring System 3.0 (Medtronic) were used. The RLN in the thoracic cavity was localized and confirmed by IONM. At the end of the surgery, the vagal nerve was stimulated with a probe to confirm nerve functioning. Video analyses was performed by the first (Kobayashi H) and second authors (Kondo M) independently. When there was concordance between assessment by the two authors, that particular maneuver would be considered the cause of RLNP.
Statistical analyses
Statistical analyses were performed using JMP version 12.0 software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Categorical variables were reported as absolute values and percentages and continuous variables are presented as median and interquartile range. Differences in frequency of categorical variables were assessed with Pearson’s chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test, whereas continuous variables were evaluated with the Mann-Whitney two-sample statistic as appropriate. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
Detection of RLNP
Table 1 shows patients characteristics and short-term surgical results. There were 10 cases (17.5%) of RLNP diagnosed by laryngoscopy on post-operative day 7. The cause of RLNP was determined by video analysis. Typical causes of RLNP identified are shown in Figure 1. Table 2 lists all causes in the 10 cases of RLNP in this study. One of the cases was excluded because the RLNP was thought to be caused by direct nerve compression during cervical procedures. In the other nine, RLNP was found to be caused by traction in the thoracic cavity (n = 5), compression (n = 3), and thermal injury (n = 1).
Patient characteristics and surgical outcomes after technique modification
| Conventional group (n = 57) | Modified group (n = 20) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender
Male:Female | 42:15 | 15:5 | 1.00 |
| Age
Median (IQR) | 67(17) | 64(16) | 0.71 |
| Body mass index
Median (IQR) | 21.3 (3.5) | 21.0 (5.6) | 0.53 |
| Smoking yes/no | 43/14 | 12/8 | 0.19 |
| Alcohol yes/no | 50/7 | 17/3 | 0.75 |
| Location of the main tumor
Ce:Ut:Mt:Lt:Ae | 1:8:16:31:1 | 0:3:5:12:0 | 0.85 |
| Pathological type
SCC:AC:others | 50:5:2 | 20:0:0 | 0.32 |
| Prior treatment
NAC:CRT:ESD:none | 26:1:4:26 | 10:1:1:8 | 0.22 |
| AJCC Stage
I:II:III:IV | 18:19:19:1 | 3:6:6:2 | 0.23 |
| Thoracoscopic:Robotic:Open | 44:13:0 | 0:20:0 | < 0.0001 |
| Operative time (min)
Median (IQR) | 295(71) | 266(62) | 0.04 |
| Bleeding (mL)
Median (IQR) | 150(218) | 91(255) | 0.08 |
| Number of dissected mediastinal LNs
Median (IQR) | 24(13) | 29(12) | 0.04 |
| Postoperative left RLNP (laryngoscopy) | 10 (17.5%) | 1 (5.0%) | 0.27 |
| Aspiration (CD2 and over) | 2 (3.5%) | 1 (5.0%) | 1.00 |
| Pneumonia (CD2 and over) | 5 (8.8%) | 4 (20.0%) | 0.14 |
| Anastomotic leakage (CD2 and over) | 9 (15.8%) | 2 (10.0%) | 0.32 |
| Postoperative hospital stay (days)
Median (IQR) | 22(17) | 22(7) | 0.82 |
Figure 1. Learning from IONM. The causes of RLNP were revealed by intra-operative video analysis. A, B: in the first case, the electric scalpel touched the RLN before it was recognized (A), resulting in a loss of signal at this point (B). Thermal damage was deemed to be the cause of paralysis in this case. C, D: in the second case, the surgeon compressed the area around the RLN to achieve hemostasis (C). Signal loss occurred at this point (C) and compression of the nerve between the forceps and trachea was determined as the cause of paralysis. E, F: in the third case, excessive traction damaged the RLN at the edge of trachea (E), leading to signal loss. IONM: intraoperative neural monitoring; RLN: recurrent laryngeal nerve; RLNP: recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis
Causes of postoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis
| Stretch/Traction | 5 |
| Compression | 3 |
| Thermal/Heat injury | 1 |
| Ligature | 0 |
| Transection | 0 |
| Others (compression in the neck) | 1 |
In terms of the reliability of IONM, the sensitivity (confirmed positive by IONM among verified cases of RLNP) and specificity (negative by IONM among cases of no RLNP) were 80% (8/10) and 95.7% (45/47), respectively [Table 3]. The positive predictive value (percentage of postoperative RLNP cases among RLNP cases estimated by IONM) and negative predictive value (percentage of no postoperative RLNP among patients with no RLNP estimated by IONM) were 80% (8/10) and 95.7% (45/47), respectively.
Results of IONM
| Evaluation with IONM | ||
|---|---|---|
| + | - | |
| Motion of vocal cord (POD7) | ||
| + | 8 | 2
Pseudo negative |
| - | 2
Pseudo positive | 45 |
Surgical technique
Based on the above results, we modified our surgical procedure to try to avoid RLNP. To counter thermal injury, it is necessary to identify the location of the RLN in advance by using IONM as before. We preferred to use a bipolar device that did not heat up excessively and thus, reduce the spread of heat to the surroundings compared to other energy devices such as laparoscopic coagulating shears. We also avoided traction and compression during the surgery by moving the RLN as little as possible [Figure 2]. The procdure was modified for the left side only; for the right side, we made no changes to the previously reported method[6]. A supplemental intraoperative video is available.
Figure 2. Dissection of lymph nodes around the left RLN. A: the esophagus was cut and the upper side mobilized and sewn to the chest wall; B: by compressing and rolling the trachea, we expanded the operative field of view on the left side and initiated lymph node dissection; C: using the glossy membrane as a landmark on the ventral side, we peeled off the adipose tissue including lymph nodes and proceeded cranially; D: the tissue to be dissected was peeled up behind the RLN; E: hemostasis was achieved by clipping the tracheoesophageal artery; F: connective tissue behind the RLN was cut to complete lymph node dissection around the left RLN. Ao: aorta; ESO: esophagus; TR: trachea; RLN: recurrent laryngeal nerve
The esophagus was first severed at the level of the aortic arch, peeled towards the cranial side, and the stump was sewn to the chest wall to expand the operative field [Figure 2A]. We then compressed the trachea to further expand the field of view, and started dissecting lymph nodes around the left RLN [Figure 2B].
Using the glossy membrane as a landmark of the ventral limit of lymph node dissection, we peeled away the adipose tissue, which included the lymph nodes to be dissected [Figure 2C and D]. Next, we removed the tissue towards the dorsal side of the RLN and proceeded towards the cranial side. We clipped the dissected tissue at the most cranial side to achieve hemostasis of the tracheoesophageal artery [Figure 2E]. This clip demarcates the upper end of lymph node dissection from the thoracic cavity and served as a landmark for later dissection of lymph nodes in the neck. We also resected tissue on the dorsal side of the RLN [Figure 2F], which allowed dissection of lymph nodes around the RLN with minimal maneuvering of the nerve, thereby reducing the risk of RLNP. During the cervical procedure, attention to avoid nerve compression by the muscle retractor was necessary.
Short-term surgical results obtained using the modified surgical technique
There were no differences between the conventional and modified surgery groups in terms of sex, age, body mass index, tumor histology and location, clinical stage, preoperative therapy, physical status, and other preoperative risks [Table 1]. None of the cases required conversion to open surgery and there was no intraoperative morbidity in either group. In the modified surgery group, the operation was performed robotically, which significantly shortened the procedure compared to the conventional surgery group (266 min vs. 295 min, P = 0.04). There was no significant difference in the estimated total volume of blood loss between groups, although it tended to be lower in the modified surgery group (91 mL vs. 150 mL, P = 0.08). The number of dissected mediastinal lymph nodes was significantly higher in the modified surgery group (29 vs. 24, P = 0.04). There were also no differences in the rates of complications such as RLNP, aspiration, pneumonia, and anastomotic leakage between the two groups. However, the rate of RLNP tended to be lower in the modified surgery group than in the conventional surgery group (5% vs. 17.5%). The median length of postoperative hospital stay was the same between groups (22 days).
DISCUSSION
RLNP is a relatively frequent complication of esophageal cancer surgery that affects the postoperative course and even overall survival[1,8]. There are several reports describing the effectiveness of IONM to prevent postoperative RLNP following esophagectomy[9-11]. At our hospital, the incidence of RLNP has declined since we introduced IONM but it has not been completely eliminated.
The surgical procedure(s) that lead to RLNP remain unclear, and there have not been reports to date addressing this point. In general, the cause was presumed to be either thermal injury from an energy device, or damage through nerve traction or compression. However, without identifying the cause, it is very difficult to implement effective preventive measures. On the other hand, IONM has long been used in the field of Otolaryngology in the treatment of thyroid cancer[12] and there are many reports on the causes of RLNP after thyroid surgery[13-15], with traction accounting for 75%-83% of cases. In this study, we found that RLNP following esophageal cancer surgery was similarly, primarily caused by traction and compression, with little contribution from thermal injury. This is the first report describing the causes of RLNP associated with esophageal cancer surgery, albeit in a small number of cases.
We have developed a modified surgical technique to prevent RLNP. Thermal injury occurred relatively early in the surgery and can be prevented by examining the location of the nerve by IONM. In recent years, mesentery-oriented lymph node dissection has become commonplace and has been proposed for esophagectomy[16]. Accordingly, we dissected the lymph nodes after mesenterization[6,8]. However, this inevitably increased the risk of strongly pulling the RLN, which could result in RLNP. We therefore concluded that it was difficult to prevent RLNP by this method (conventional surgery group, Figure 3).
Figure 3. Lymph node dissection around the left RLN with the conventional technique. A: after dissecting the ventral and dorsal sides of the tissues which include the RLN, we divided the esophagus at the level of the aortic arch and drew the upper side of esophagus to the right to expand the operative field; B: the adipose tissue containing lymph nodes was resected while preserving the left RLN. Traction of the esophagus could flex the nerve or cause compression at the corner of the trachea. ESO: esophagus; TR: trachea; RLN: recurrent laryngeal nerve
The modified surgical technique is suitable for dissecting lymph nodes around the RLN with minimal retraction and compression and has in fact, reduced the rate of RLNP at our institution [Table 1]. Of the 20 surgeries performed after standardizing the procedure, there was only one case of RLNP in which the RLN was seized after misidentification, which counts as a technical error. There have been no instances of RLNP since due to an unidentified cause.
Robot-assisted minimal invasive surgery (Ra-MIE) was used in the modified surgery group for historical reasons. Approved as a medical treatment in Japan since 2018, Ra-MIE is advantageous in esophageal cancer surgery because it allows the operator to manipulate three arms in a stable field of view, even within a narrow space such as the upper mediastinum. Ra-MIE is particularly useful for the delicate manipulation required around the RLN. Thus, Ra-MIE undoubtedly contributed to the impressive results achieved with our modified surgical procedure. However, when comparing 33 Ra-MIE and 44 thoracoscopic surgeries, the RLNP rates were 18% and 11%, respectively (no significant difference). For this reason, we consider the modified surgical procedure to be more important in reducing RLNP.
There were some limitations in this study. First, the study was retrospective, single institution, and included only a small number of cases. Second, we only employed IONM intermittently whereas continuous monitoring may be more useful as it could provide a detailed view of nerve integrity in real time. Finally, our procedure does not allow en-bloc resection of lymph nodes surrounding the RLN, which could be considered as a shortcoming.
In conclusion, we demonstrated that the main causes of RLNP at our institution were due to compression and traction, not thermal injury. We also showed that our modified surgical technique can prevent left RLNP following upper mediastinal lymph node dissection in esophageal cancer surgery.
DECLARATIONS
AcknowledgmentsWe thank Ichiro Sasaki for technical assistance and advice on the NIM Nerve Monitoring system.
Authors’ contributionsDesigned the study and acquired, analyzed, interpreted of the data: Kobayashi H
Contributed to data interpretation, reviewed the intellectual content of the manuscript, and approved the final version of the manuscript: Kobayashi H, Kondo M, Kita R, Hashida H, Shiokawa K, Iwaki K, Kambe H, Mizuno R, Kawarabayashi T, Sumi T, Kaihara S, Hosotani R
Availability of data and materialsNot applicable.
Financial support and sponsorshipNone.
Conflicts of interestAll authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval and consent to participateThis study was approved by the institutional review board. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.
Consent for publicationWritten informed consent was obtained from all patients.
Copyright© The Author(s) 2020.
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Kobayashi H, Kondo M, Kita R, Hashida H, Shiokawa K, Iwaki K, Kambe H, Mizuno R, Kawarabayashi T, Sumi T, Kaihara S, Hosotani R. Cause of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis following esophageal cancer surgery and preventive surgical technique along the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. Mini-invasive Surg 2020;4:30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2020.12
AMA Style
Kobayashi H, Kondo M, Kita R, Hashida H, Shiokawa K, Iwaki K, Kambe H, Mizuno R, Kawarabayashi T, Sumi T, Kaihara S, Hosotani R. Cause of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis following esophageal cancer surgery and preventive surgical technique along the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. Mini-invasive Surgery. 2020; 4: 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2020.12
Chicago/Turabian Style
Kobayashi, Hiroyuki, Masato Kondo, Ryosuke Kita, Hiroki Hashida, Keiichi Shiokawa, Kentaro Iwaki, Hiroyuki Kambe, Ryosuke Mizuno, Takuma Kawarabayashi, Tokihiko Sumi, Satoshi Kaihara, Ryo Hosotani. 2020. "Cause of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis following esophageal cancer surgery and preventive surgical technique along the left recurrent laryngeal nerve" Mini-invasive Surgery. 4: 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2020.12
ACS Style
Kobayashi, H.; Kondo M.; Kita R.; Hashida H.; Shiokawa K.; Iwaki K.; Kambe H.; Mizuno R.; Kawarabayashi T.; Sumi T.; Kaihara S.; Hosotani R. Cause of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis following esophageal cancer surgery and preventive surgical technique along the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. Mini-invasive. Surg. 2020, 4, 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2020.12
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