fig2

Figure 2. (A) Photograph of the electrical high-speed drill used for percutaneous endoscopic translaminar approach (NSK-Nakanishi Japan, Tokyo, Japan), and (B) intraoperative manipulation of the drill. The surgeon must hold both the endoscope and the drill. It will be necessary to develop a device to hold the endoscope to simplify this procedure. The surgeon can confirm the extent of bone removal in the endoscopic visual field (C)