fig5

Figure 5. Endoscope-controlled supraorbital keyhole eyebrow approach. A: head position, skin incision, burr hole placement and craniotomy design; B: initial endoscopic view gained through right-sided approach; C: further brain relaxation and panoramic exposure of a tuberculum sellae meningioma; D-F: intraoperative endoscopic views of tuberculum sellae meningioma (asterisk) being exposed with plane development and bipolar coagulation, left-sided approach. A1: first segment of anterior cerebral artery; ACP: anterior clinoid process; ICA: internal carotid artery; FL: frontal lobe; OC: optic chiasm; ON: optic nerve; PS: planum sphenoidale; TS: tuberculum sellae (Illustrations A through C by Waleed Azab)