fig1

Figure 1. Metabolism regulation through the FXR pathway. Red arrows indicated the elevated factors by FXR activation, while blue arrows indicated the decreased factors. Bile acid signaling suppresses gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis, stimulates fatty-acid oxidation, improves insulin resistance, and downregulates bile acid synthesis through the FXR pathway. ASBT: Apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter; BSEP: bile salt export pump; CYP7A1: rate-limiting enzyme cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase; FABP: fatty acid binding protein; FGFR: fibroblast growth factor receptor; FGF19: fibroblast growth factor 19; FXR: farnesoid X receptor; IBAT: ileal BA transporter; IRS-2: insulin receptor substrate-2; NTCP: sodium-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide; OATP: organic anion transporting polypeptide; OST: organic solute transporter; PEPCK: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; PPAR-α: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α; SHP: small heterodimeric partners; SREBP-1c: sterol response element binding protein-1c.